• Overview, update, and recommendations for evaluation of transitional spinal anatomy (spine enumeration). This has important and practical application in routine imaging with downstream effects on spine intervention. Specific recommendations are given • Update on treatments for CSF-venous fistulas including venous embolization and percutaneous fibrin glue placement. Updates on new technology, such as photon-counting CT that have direct application for diagnosis of this pathology. • Updates on spinal tumor WHO classification, specifically spinal ependymomas including myxopapillary and classical cellular spinal ependymoma • Updates on classification of myelofibrosis and myelodysplastic syndromes • Updates on classification of demyelinating disorders including MOGAD and NMOSD • Update and expansion for classification of congenital spinal open and closed neural tube defects

Part I: Congenital and Genetic Disorders

Section 1: Congenital

NORMAL ANATOMICAL VARIATIONS
Normal Anatomy
Measurement Techniques
MR Artifacts
Normal Variant
Transitional Anatomy and Spinal Enumeration
Transitional Anatomy and Spinal Enumeration
Craniovertebral Junction Variants
Ponticulus Posticus
Ossiculum Terminale
Conjoined Nerve Roots
Limbus Vertebra
Filum Terminale Fibrolipoma
Bone Island
Ventriculus Terminalis
CHIARI DISORDERS
Approach to Chiari
Chiari 1
Complex Chiari
Chiari 2
Chiari 3
ABNORMALITIES OF NEURULATION
Approach to Spine and Spinal Cord Development
Myelomeningocele
Lipomyelomeningocele
Lipoma, Spine
Dorsal Dermal Sinus
Simple Coccygeal Dimple
Dermoid Cyst, Spine
Epidermoid Cyst, Spine
ANOMALIES OF CAUDAL CELL MASS
Tethered Spinal Cord
Segmental Spinal Dysgenesis
Caudal Regression Syndrome
Terminal Myelocystocele
Anterior Sacral Meningocele
Sacral Extradural Arachnoid Cyst
Sacrococcygeal Teratoma
ANOMALIES OF NOTOCHORD AND VERTEBRAL FORMATION
Craniovertebral Junction Embryology
Paracondylar Process
Split Atlas
Klippel-Feil Spectrum
Failure of Vertebral Formation
Vertebral Segmentation Failure
Split Cord Malformation
Partial Vertebral Duplication
Incomplete Fusion, Posterior Element
Neurenteric Cyst
DEVELOPMENTAL ABNORMALITIES
Os Odontoideum
Lateral Meningocele
Dorsal Spinal Meningocele
Dural Dysplasia

Section 2: Genetic Disorders

Neurofibromatosis Type 1, Spine
Neurofibromatosis Type 2, Spine
Schwannomatosis
Achondroplasia
Mucopolysaccharidoses, Spine
Sickle Cell Disease, Spine
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Tuberous Sclerosis
Osteopetrosis
Gaucher Disease
Ochronosis
Connective Tissue Disorders
Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia

Part II: Trauma

Section 1: Vertebral Column, Discs, and Paraspinal Muscle

Fracture Classification
Atlantooccipital Dislocation
Ligamentous Injury
Occipital Condyle Fracture
Jefferson C1 Fracture
Atlantoaxial Rotatory Fixation
Odontoid C2 Fracture
Burst C2 Fracture
Hangman's C2 Fracture
Apophyseal Ring Fracture
Cervical Hyperflexion Injury
Cervical Hyperextension Injury
Cervical Burst Fracture
Cervical Hyperextension-Rotation Injury
Cervical Lateral Flexion Injury
Cervical Posterior Column Injury
Traumatic Disc Herniation
Thoracic and Lumbar Burst Fracture
Facet-Lamina Thoracolumbar Fracture
Fracture Dislocation
Chance Fracture
Thoracic and Lumbar Hyperextension Injury
Compression Fracture
Lumbar Facet-Posterior Fracture
Sacral Traumatic Fracture
Pedicle Stress Fracture
Sacral Insufficiency Fracture

Section 2: Cord, Dura, and Vessels

SCIWORA
Posttraumatic Syrinx
Presyrinx Edema
Spinal Cord Contusion-Hematoma
Central Spinal Cord Syndrome
Traumatic Dural Tear
Traumatic Epidural Hematoma
Traumatic Subdural Hematoma
Vascular Injury, Cervical
Traumatic Arteriovenous Fistula
Wallerian Degeneration

Part III: Degenerative Diseases and Arthritides

Section 1: Degenerative Diseases

Nomenclature of Lumbar Degenerative Disc Disease
Degenerative Disc Disease
Degenerative Endplate Changes
Degenerative Arthritis of Craniovertebral Junction
Disc Bulge
Anular Fissure, Intervertebral Disc
Cervical Intervertebral Disc Herniation
Thoracic Intervertebral Disc Herniation
Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Herniation
Intervertebral Disc Extrusion, Foraminal
Cervical Facet Arthropathy
Lumbar Facet Arthropathy
Facet Joint Synovial Cyst
Baastrup Disease
Bertolotti Syndrome
Schmorl Node
Scheuermann Disease
Acquired Lumbar Central Stenosis
Congenital Spinal Stenosis, Idiopathic
Cervical Spondylosis
DISH
OPLL
Ossification Ligamentum Flavum
Retroodontoid Pseudotumor

Section 2: Spondylolisthesis and Spondylolysis

Spondylolisthesis
Spondylolysis
Instability

Section 3: Inflammatory, Crystalline, and Miscellaneous Arthritides

Adult Rheumatoid Arthritis
54 Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Spondyloarthropathy
Neurogenic (Charcot) Arthropathy
Hemodialysis Spondyloarthropathy
Ankylosing Spondylitis
CPPD
Gout
Longus Colli Calcific Tendinitis

Section 4: Scoliosis and Kyphosis

Introduction to Scoliosis
Scoliosis
Kyphosis
Degenerative Scoliosis
Flat Back Syndrome
Scoliosis Instrumentation

Part IV: Infection and Inflammatory Disorders

Section 1: Infections

Pathways of Spread
Spinal Meningitis
Pyogenic Osteomyelitis
Tuberculous Osteomyelitis
Fungal and Miscellaneous Osteomyelitis
Osteomyelitis, C1-C2
Brucellar Spondylitis
Septic Facet Joint Arthritis
Paraspinal Abscess
Epidural Abscess
Subdural Abscess
Abscess, Spinal Cord
Viral Myelitis
HIV Myelitis
Syphilitic Myelitis
Opportunistic Infections
Echinococcosis
Schistosomiasis
Cysticercosis

Section 2: Inflammatory and Autoimmune Disorders

Acute Transverse Myelopathy
Idiopathic Acute Transverse Myelitis
Multiple Sclerosis
Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder
Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Autoantibody Myelitis
ADEM, Spine
Guillain-Barré Syndrome
CIDP
Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis
Grisel Syndrome
Autoimmune-Mediated Myelopathy
Hypertrophic Pachymeningitis-Related Diseases

Section 3: Neoplasms, Cysts, and Other Masses

NEOPLASMS
INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW
Spread of Neoplasms
EXTRADURAL
Imaging of Metastatic Disease
Blastic Osseous Metastases
Lytic Osseous Metastases
Hemangioma
Osteoid Osteoma
Osteoblastoma
Aneurysmal Bone Cyst
Giant Cell Tumor
Osteochondroma
Chondrosarcoma
Osteosarcoma
Chordoma
Ewing Sarcoma
Lymphoma
Leukemia
Plasmacytoma
Multiple Myeloma
Neuroblastic Tumors
Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
Angiolipoma
INTRADURAL EXTRAMEDULLARY
Schwannoma
Malignant Melanotic Nerve Sheath Tumors
Meningioma
Solitary Fibrous Tumor/Hemangiopericytoma
Neurofibroma
Malignant Nerve Sheath Tumors
CSF Disseminated Metastases
Cauda Equine Neuroendocrine Tumor
INTRAMEDULLARY
Astrocytoma
Diffuse Midline Glioma H3 K-27 Altered
Ependymoma
Myxopapillary Ependymoma
Hemangioblastoma
Spinal Cord Metastases

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD, Consultant, Neuroradiology Division, Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Professor of Radiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona and Kevin R. Moore, MD, Pediatric Radiologist and Neuroradiologist, Intermountain Pediatric Imaging, Primary Children’s Hospital, Salt Lake City, Utah