Grainger & Allison's Diagnostic Radiology Essentials, 2nd Edition

Preface xi
Dedication 1
Acknowledgements 1
1 Chest
1.1 Chest wall and pleura 4
Chest wall: bony and soft tissue lesions 4
Diseases of the pleura 8
Pleural effusion 12
Pneumothorax 14
Diaphragmatic hernia/eventration 16
1.2 Mediastinum 18
Mediastinitis 18
Anterior mediastinal masses 20
Middle mediastinal masses 26
Posterior mediastinal masses 32
Miscellaneous mediastinal masses 34
Pericardial conditions 36
1.3 Pulmonary infection 38
Lobar pneumonia 38
Bronchopneumonia, anaerobic and atypical pneumonia 40
Pulmonary tuberculosis 42
Fungal infections 44
Metazoal and protozoal diseases 48
Pulmonary complications of HIV infection 50
1.4 Large airway disease 52
Tracheal disorders 52
Bronchiectasis 56
Congenital airway disorders 58
Emphysema 60
Chronic bronchitis and asthma 62
Miscellaneous airway disorders 64
1.5 Pulmonary lobar collapse 66
Mechanisms and radiographic appearances 66
Patterns of lobar collapse 68
1.6 Pulmonary neoplasms 72
Evaluation of the solitary pulmonary nodule 72
Lung cancer: radiological features 74
Lung cancer: pearls 76
Lymphoproliferative disorders 78
Benign pulmonary tumours 80
Miscellaneous pulmonary malignancies 82
1.7 High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) 84
Hrct patterns of diffuse lung disease 84
Idiopathic interstitial pneumonias 86
Sarcoidosis 90
Connective tissue diseases 92
Systemic vasculitides 98
Drug-Induced lung disease 100
Silicosis/coal workers’ pneumoconiosis 102
Asbestos-related disease 104
Miscellaneous interstitial lung diseases 106
1.8 Chest trauma 110
Chest wall and lung trauma 110
Trauma to the diaphragm 112
Mediastinal trauma 114
1.9 Airspace disease 116
Airspace disease 116
1.10 Paediatric chest 122
Congenital chest abnormalities 122
Causes of neonatal respiratory distress 128
Normal paediatric chest and problems with mechanical ventilation 132
1.11 Miscellaneous itu chest conditions 134
Lung transplantation 134
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) 136
Itu chest imaging 138
2 Cardiovascular System 143
2.1 Congenital heart disease (introduction) Introduction 144
Cyanotic congenital heart disease 146
Acyanotic congenital heart disease 156
Anomalies of the aortic arch (vascular rings) 158
Septal defects 160
Acyanotic heart disease 162
Other anomalies 164
2.2 Non-ischaemic acquired heart disease 166
Acquired mitral valve disease 166
Acquired aortic valve disease 168
Tricuspid and pulmonary valve disease 170
Cardiomyopathies 174
Cardiac tumours 178
Cardiac trauma 180
2.3 Pulmonary circulation and Gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) and thromboembolism 182
Pulmonary thromboembolic disease 182
Pulmonary vascular patterns 186
2.4 The aorta 192
Aortic rupture 192
Aortic dissection 194
Aortic aneurysms 198
Mid-aortic syndrome and takaysu’s disease of the
aorta 202
Aortic occlusive disease 204
2.5 Peripheral vascular disease 210
Gastrointestinal vascular disorders 210
Carotid artery stenosis 212
Peripheral vascular disease of the lower
extremities 214
Disorders of the venous system 216
Miscellaneous vascular disorders 218
2.6 Ischaemic heart disease 220
Conventional coronary angiography and
echocardiography 220
Ct imaging in ischaemic heart disease 222
Mr imaging in ischaemic heart disease 224
Nuclear cardiac imaging 226
Manifestations of atheromatous coronary artery
disease 230
3 Gastrointestinal 236
3.1 Oesophagus 238
Hiatus hernia and reflux 238
Oesophagitis and benign strictures 240
Benign and malignant oesophageal tumours 242
Oesophageal carcinoma 244
Oesophageal dysmotility disorders 248
Miscellaneous oesophageal conditions 250
3.2 Stomach 252
Benign gastric ulcers 252
Gastritis 254
Benign and malignant gastric tumours 258
Gastric carcinoma 260
Gastric surgery 264
Miscellaneous gastric conditions 266
3.3 Duodenum 270
Peptic ulceration, gastric heterotopia, duodenal
diverticula 270
Benign and malignant duodenal tumours 272
Miscellaneous duodenal conditions 274
3.4 Small bowel 276
Crohn’s disease (CD) 276
Infections/infestations of the small bowel 278
Gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) and
carcinoid tumours 280
Benign and malignant small bowel tumours 282
Causes of small bowel obstruction 284
Miscellaneous small bowel disorders 286
3.5 Colon 292
Ulcerative colitis and toxic megacolon 292
Colitis 294
Polyps 296
Polyposis syndromes 298
Colorectal cancer 300
Diverticulosis and large bowel strictures 304
Large bowel obstruction 306
Miscellaneous disorders of the large bowel 308
3.6 Liver 312
Anatomy and imaging techniques 312
Benign diffuse liver disease 314
Cirrhosis 316
Benign solid liver lesions 318
Malignant solid liver lesions 326
Hepatic vascular lesions 332
Miscellaneous liver conditions 338
Liver transplantation and interventional
techniques 344
Diffusion-weighted mr imaging of the liver 346
Mr contrast agents and the liver 348
3.7 Biliary 350
Methods of investigation 350
Cholelithiasis and choledocholithiasis 352
Cholecystitis 354
Miscellaneous gallbladder conditions 356
Benign biliary strictures 358
Malignant biliary tumours 360
Biliary atresia and hypoplasia 362
Miscellaneous bile duct disorders 364
3.8 Pancreas 366
Congenital abnormalities 366
Pancreatitis 368
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma 372
Cystic pancreatic tumours 374
Endocrine and islet cell pancreatic tumours 376
Pancreatic trauma, transplant and intervention 378
3.9 Spleen 380
Miscellaneous splenic conditions 380
3.10 Peritoneum, mesentery and omentum 382
Benign diseases 382
Developmental anomalies of the mesentery 384
Infective/inflammatory conditions of the
mesentery 386
Neoplastic peritoneal/omental disorders 388
Neoplastic mesenteric disorders 390
3.11 Plain abdominal radiograph 392
Abnormal gas distribution 392
3.12 Paediatric gastrointestinal disorders 394
Abdominal wall defects 394
Gastrointestinal causes of neonatal vomiting 396
Oesophageal atresia (OA) and tracheo-oesophageal
fistula (TOF) 398
Malrotation 400
Delayed passage of meconium 402
Abdominal manifestations of cystic fibrosis 404
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) 406
Anorectal malformations 408
Neuroblastoma (NB) 410
Miscellaneous paediatric gastrointestinal
disorders 412
4 Genitourinary 415
4.1 Kidneys 416
Renal parenchymal disease 416
Renal tract infection/inflammation 418
Renal artery stenosis (RAS) 424
Renal vascular abnormalities 426
Benign renal masses 430
Renal parenchymal malignancies 432
Other malignancies 434
Transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary
tract 436
Renal failure 438
Renal transplantation: assessment 440
Renal transplantation: postoperative
complications 442
Urolithiasis 444
Methods of imaging in obstruction 446
Dilatation of the urinary tract 448
Upper urinary tract trauma 450
4.2 Bladder 454
Miscellaneous bladder conditions 454
Bladder tumours 456
Lower urinary tract trauma 458
4.3 Prostate 460
Prostate: benign disorders 460
Carcinoma of the prostate 462
Prostate anatomy and imaging 464
4.4 Urethra 466
Urethra: benign disorders 466
Tumours of the urethra 468
4.5 Male reproductive system 470
Cryptorchidism and testicular torsion 470
Primary testicular malignancies 472
Miscellaneous scrotal lesions 474
Miscellaneous penile conditions 476
4.6 Paediatric genitourinary disorders 478
Duplex kidney 478
Congenital renal anomalies 480
Congenital renal cystic disease 484
Childhood renal malignancies 488
Paediatric pelvic and scrotal malignancies 492
5 Musculoskeletal System 494
5.1 Skeletal trauma 496
Introduction 496
Assessment of cervical spine injuries 498
Spinal injuries 500
Shoulder injuries 506
Upper extremity injuries 512
Carpal bone injuries 514
Wrist and hand injuries 518
Pelvic injuries 520
Hip injuries 522
Avascular necrosis of the hip 526
Knee and lower leg fractures 528
Knee soft tissue injuries 532
Ankle injuries 536
Foot injuries 538
5.2 Paediatric fractures 540
Specific paediatric fractures 540
Radiology of non-accidental injury 542
Skeletal and brain injuries in non-accidental
injury 544
5.3 Soft tissue imaging 550
Localized calcification and ossification 550
Generalized soft tissue calcification 552
Soft tissue masses 554
5.4 General characteristics of bone tumours 558
General characteristics of bone tumours 558
5.5 Benign bone tumours 560
Chondroid origin 560
Osteoid origin 564
Osteoid origin/tumours of neural tissue 566
Cystic lesions 568
Giant cell tumour/lipomatous bone lesions 570
Fibrous origin 572
Vascular origin 574
Miscellaneous bone lesions 576
5.6 Malignant bone tumours 580
Chondroid origin 580
Osteosarcoma 582
Other varieties of osteosarcoma 584
Fibrous origin 586
Medullary origin 588
Miscellaneous malignant bone tumours 590
Bone metastases 592
5.7 Metabolic and endocrine skeletal disease 594
Osteoporosis 594
Vitamin D deficiency 596
Endocrine bone disorders 598
Metabolic bone disorders 602
5.8 Joint disease 610
Introduction 610
Osteoarthritis 612
Haemophilic and neuropathic arthropathies 614
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis and dish 616
Rheumatoid arthritis 618
Seronegative spondyloarthropathy 620
Depositional arthropathy 624
Polyarthritis associated with other diseases 630
5.9 Bone and soft tissue infection 636
Acute osteomyelitis 636
Chronic osteomyelitis 638
Miscellaneous bone and soft tissue infections 642
5.10 Congenital skeletal anomalies 646
Developmental skeletal anomalies 646
Selected osteochondrodysplasias 648
Localized disorders of the skeleton 658
Haemoglobinopathies 662
5.11 Myeloproliferative disorders 666
Reticuloendothelial disorders 666
White cell disorders 668
Plasma cell dyscrasias 670
6 Women’s Imaging 675
6.1 Breast 676
Introduction 676
Benign mass lesions 678
Microcalcifications 682
Invasive breast carcinoma 684
Contrast-enhanced MRI in breast cancer 688
6.2 Gynaecology 690
Imaging techniques in gynaecology 690
Congenital anomalies of the female genital tract 692
Benign uterine conditions 694
Endometrial carcinoma 698
Carcinoma of the cervix 700
Benign ovarian tumours 702
Endometriosis, polycystic ovaries and physiological
ovarian cysts 704
Ovarian carcinoma 706
Miscellaneous gynaecological conditions 710
7 Neuroradiology 714
7.1 Intracranial tumours 716
Imaging techniques and general features 716
Classification of intracranial tumours 718
Gliomas 720
Infratentorial tumours 724
Supratentorial tumours 730
Extra-axial tumours 732
Meningioma and skull base tumours 734
Cerebral and meningeal metastases 736
Intraventricular tumours 738
Pituitary region tumours 740
Pineal region tumours 744
7.2 Cerebrovascular disease and non-traumatic
haemorrhage 746
Cerebral ischaemia 746
Other patterns of cerebrovascular disease 750
Carotid and vertebral artery dissection 754
Non-traumatic intracranial haemorrhage 756
Cerebral artery aneurysms 758
Arteriovenous malformations 760
7.3 Brain infection, aids and demyelinating
diseases 762
Intracranial infection 762
Hiv infection and aids 768
Demyelinating and inflammatory disorders 772
7.4 Brain trauma, degenerative disorders and
epilepsy 776
Head injury 776
Primary and secondary cerebral injury 778
Dementias and epilepsy 780
Skull bone disease 782
Hydrocephalus 784
7.5 Paediatric neuroradiology 786
Cerebellar malformations 786
Chiari malformations 788
Cerebral malformations 790
Malformations of neuronal migration and cortical
organization 792
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF-1) 794
Neurocutaneous syndromes 796
Inborn metabolic brain disorders 798
Congenital skull anomalies 800
Congenital intracranial infections 802
Paediatric meningitis 804
Hypoxic–Ischaemic injury in the developing brain 806
7.6 The spine 808
Spinal dysraphism 808
Congenital spinal anomalies 810
Skeletal abnormalities 816
Vascular spinal lesions 818
Spinal tumours 820
Spinal infection 830
Infective/inflammatory disorders of the spine 832
Spinal cord trauma and the postoperative spine 834
Degenerative spinal disease 836
7.7 The orbit 842
The orbit 842
Conal and extraconal disorders 846
Intraconal disorders 848
7.8 Ear, nose and throat radiology 856
Selected disorders of the ear 856
Nose and paranasal sinuses 858
The nasopharynx 860
Disorders of the oropharynx, larynx and soft tissues of
the neck 862
7.9 Dental radiology 864
Mandibular/maxillary cystic lesions 864
Tumours of bone 866
Facial trauma 868
Salivary glands 870
Salivary gland disorders 872
8 Endocrine System 875
8.1 Thyroid disorders 876
Thyroid cancer 876
Miscellaneous thyroid disorders 880
8.2 Adrenal disorders 882
Non-functional adrenal disorders 882
Adrenal hyperfunction 888
9 Lymphoma 893
9 Lymphoma 894
Lymphoma 894
Lymph node disease in lymphoma 898
Cns lymphoma 900
Pulmonary lymphoma 902
Lymphoma of the gastrointestinal tract 904
Musculoskeletal lymphoma 906
Extranodal manifestations of lymphoma 908
Extranodal manifestations of lymphoma 910
Monitoring the response to therapy in lymphoma 912
10 Functional Imaging 915
10.1 Diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) 917
10.2 Functional imaging 918
11 Interventional Radiology 925
11.1 Interventional vascular radiology
techniques 926
11.2 Cross-sectional vascular imaging 930
11.3 Specific drainage techniques 931
11.4 Principles of tumour ablation 932
11.5 Hepatobiliary intervention 936
11.6 Genitourinary interventional radiology 940
11.7 Woman’s imaging – interventional
radiology 944
Obstetric haemorrhage 946
12 Appendices 949
12.1 General pearls 950
12.2 Anatomy pearls 958
12.3 Pearls in musculoskeletal imaging and
pathology 962
Pearls in pathology 962
Pearls in musculoskeletal imaging 964
12.4 Patterns of tumour spread 968
12.5 Tnm staging of common cancers 974
Index 991

Lee A. Grant, MB ChB, BA(Oxon), MRCS, FRCR, Consultant Radiologist, The Royal Free NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK and Nyree Griffin, MB ChB (Hons), MD, MRCS, FRCR, Consultant Radiologist, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK