Dental Materials, 5th Edition

1 Introduction to Dental Materials
The Role of the Dental Auxiliary in the Use of
Dental Materials
Evidence-Based Dentistry
The Historical Development of Dental
Materials
The Agencies Responsible for Standards
American Dental Association
American National Standards Institute
US Food and Drug Administration
International Agencies
Future Developments in Dental Biomaterials
Summary

2 Oral Environment and Patient Considerations
Classification of Dental Materials
Preventive/Therapeutic Materials
Restorative Materials
Auxiliary Materials
Biocompatibility
Adverse Response
Biomechanics
Oral Factors Affecting Dental Materials
Force, Stress, and Strain
Moisture and Acid Levels
Effect of pH
Galvanism
Temperature
Expansion and Contraction
Thermal Conductivity
Retention
Mechanical and Chemical Retention
Bonding
Microleakage
Esthetics and Color
How We Sense Color
Components of Color
Optical Properties
Viewing Color
Oral Biofilm and Dental Materials
Community of Microorganisms
Formation of Oral Biofilm
Biofilm and Oral Disease
Probiotics
Biofilm and Systemic Diseases
Biofilm on Dental Materials
Managing the Oral Biofilm
Detection of Restorative Materials
Methods of Identification
Summary

3 Physical and Mechanical Properties of Dental
Materials
Physical Structure
Atoms
Types of Bonds
The Three States of Matter
Properties of Dental Materials
Physical Properties
Mechanical Properties
Classification of Materials
Composition
Reaction Activated by Mixing
Manipulation of Materials
Ratios of Components
Effect of Temperature and Humidity
Mixing of Components
Shelf Life
Summary

4 General Handling and Safety of Dental Materials in
the Dental Office
Material Hazards in the Dental Environment
Exposure to Particulate Matter
Exposure to Biological Contaminants
Bioaerosols in the Dental Setting
Dental Bioaerosols
Chemical Safety in the Dental Office
Hazardous Chemicals
Skin and Eyes
Inhalation
Ingestion
Exposure to Bisphenol A
Exposure to Mercury
Acute and Chronic Chemical Toxicity
Acute Chemical Toxicity
Chronic Chemical Toxicity
Personal and Chemical Protection
Hand Protection
Eye Protection
Protective Clothing
Inhalation Protection
Control of Chemical Spills
Mercury Spill
Flammable Liquids
Acids
Eyewash
Ventilation
General Precautions for Storing and Disposing of
Chemicals
Storage
Disposal of Chemicals
Empty Containers
Regulations for Hazardous Waste Disposal
Dental Laboratory Infection Control
Hazard Communications
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
Hazard Communication Standard
Hazard Communication Program
Labeling of Chemical Containers and Safety Data
Sheets
Labeling Exemptions
Eco-Conscience Green Practices
Patient Safety
Summary

5 Impression Materials
Overview of Impressions
Types of Impressions
Impression Material Types
Impression Trays
Stock Trays
Triple Trays (Closed-Bite Trays)
Bite Registration Trays
Custom Trays
Hydrocolloids
Reversible Hydrocolloid (Agar)
Irreversible Hydrocolloid (Alginate)
Making Alginate Impressions
Criteria for Clinically Acceptable Impressions
Two-Consistency Alginate System
Elastomers
Use of Adhesive
Elastic Recovery
Wettability
Polysulfides
Silicone Rubber Impression Materials
Polyvinyl Siloxane (Vinyl Polysiloxane)
Vinyl Polyether Silicone Hybrid
Components of Impression Making for Crown
and Bridge Procedures
Gingival Retraction
Making the Impression
Digital Impressions
Learning Curve
Scanning Devices
Advantages and Disadvantages of Digital
Impressions
Soft Tissue Management
Expanded Use of Digital Impressions
Inelastic Impression Materials
Dental Impression Compound
Impression Plaster
Zinc Oxide Eugenol Impression Material
Impression Wax
Infection Control Procedures
Disinfecting Impressions
Disinfecting Casts
Sterilizing Impression Trays
Summary

6 Gypsum and Wax Products
Gypsum Materials
Uses of Gypsum Materials
Desirable Qualities
Behaviors of Gypsum Products
Formation of Gypsum
Production of Gypsum Products
Physical Properties
Classification of Gypsum Products
Impression Plaster (Type I)
Model Plaster (Type II)
Dental Stone (Type III)
Dental Stone, High Strength/Low Expansion
(Type IV)
Dental Stone High Strength/High Expansion
(Type V)
Metal-Plated and Epoxy Dies and
Resin-Reinforced Die Stone
Investment Materials
Manipulation of Gypsum Products
Material Selection
Proportioning (Water-to-Powder Ratio)
Mixing: Spatulation
Setting Times
Control of Setting Times
Fabricating Diagnotic/Working Casts
Storage
Cleanup
Infection Control and Safety Issues
Separating the Impression from the Cast
Trimming the Casts
Composition and Properties of Dental Waxes
Composition of Waxes
Properties of Waxes
Melting Range
Flow
Excess Residue
Thermal Expansion
Classification of Waxes
Waxes are Grouped as Follows
Pattern Waxes
Processing Waxes
Impression Waxes
Other Waxes Utilized in the Dental Office
Manipulation of Waxes
Lost Wax Technique
Summary

7 Principles of Bonding
Basic Principles of Bonding
Surface Wetting
Etching Enamel and Dentin
Enamel Etching
Dentin Etching
Bond Strength
Bonding Systems
Components of Bonding Systems
History of the Development of Bonding
Systems
Modes of Cure of Adhesives
Oxygen-Inhibited Resin Layer
Classification of Bonding Systems
Etch-and-Rinse Bonding Systems
Self-Etch Bonding Systems
Clinical Application of Universal Bonding
Adhesive
Biocompatibility
Compatibility with Other Resins
Contamination of Bonding Site
Bonding of Restorations
Summary

8 Composites
History of the Development of Composite Resin
for Dentistry
Direct-Placement Esthetic Restorative
Materials
Composite Resin
Components
Polymerization
Physical and Mechanical Properties of Composite
Resins
Classification of Composites by Filler Size
Macrofilled Composites
Microfilled Composites

W. Stephan Eakle, DDS, FADM, Professor of Clinical Dentistry Emeritus, Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA and Kimberly G. Bastin, CDA, EFDA, CRDH, EdD, Assistant Dean of Health Professions, Associate Professor and Director of Dental Hygiene, State College of Florida Manatee-Sarasota, Bradenton, Florida, USA