Evolve Resources for Nolte's The Human Brain, 9th Edition

1 Introduction to the Nervous System
The Nervous System Has Central and Peripheral
Parts
The Principal Cellular Elements of the Nervous
System Are Neurons and Glial Cells
Review Questions

2 Development of the Nervous System
The Neural Tube Gives Rise to the Central Nervous
System
The Neural Crest and Cranial Placodes Give Rise to
the Peripheral Nervous System
Adverse Events During Development Can Cause
Congenital Malformations of the Nervous
System
Review Questions

3 Gross Anatomy and General Organization of the Central
Nervous System
The Long Axis of the CNS Bends at the Cephalic
Flexure
Hemisecting a Brain Reveals Parts of the
Diencephalon, Brainstem, and Ventricular
System
Humans, Relative to Other Animals, Have Large
Brains and Many Neurons
Named Sulci and Gyri Cover the Cerebral Surface
The Diencephalon Includes the Thalamus and
Hypothalamus
Most Cranial Nerves Are Attached to the
Brainstem
The Cerebellum Includes a Vermis and Two
Hemispheres
Sections of the Forebrain Reveal the Basal Nuclei and
Limbic Structures
Parts of the Nervous System Are Interconnected in
Systematic Ways (Generalizations)
Review Questions

4 Meningeal Coverings of the Brain and Spinal Cord
The Three Meningeal Layers: The Dura Mater,
Arachnoid Mater, and Pia Mater
The Dura Mater Provides Mechanical Strength
The Arachnoid Mater
Pia Mater Covers the Surface of the CNS
Lymphatics of the CNS
The Vertebral Canal Contains a Spinal Epidural
Space
Bleeding Can Open Up Potential Meningeal
Spaces
Parts of the CNS Can Herniate From One
Intracranial Compartment Into Another
Review Questions

5 Ventricles and Cerebrospinal Fluid
The Brain Contains Four Ventricles
Choroid Plexus Is the Source of Most Cerebrospinal
Fluid
Imaging Techniques Allow Noninvasive
Visualization of the CNS
Disruption of Cerebrospinal Fluid Circulation Can
Cause Hydrocephalus
Review Questions

6 Blood Supply of the Brain
The Internal Carotid Arteries and Vertebral Arteries
Supply the Brain
Imaging Techniques Allow Arteries and Veins to Be
Visualized
A System of Barriers Partially Separates the Nervous
System From the Rest of the Body
Superficial and Deep Veins Drain the Brain
Review Questions

7 Electrical Signaling by Neurons
A Lipid-Protein Membrane Separates Intracellular
and Extracellular Fluids
Inputs to Neurons Cause Slow, Local Potential
Changes
Action Potentials Convey Information Over Long
Distances
Resistors, Capacitors, and Neuronal
Membranes
Calculating the Membrane Potential
Review Questions

8 Synaptic Transmission Between Neurons
There Are Five Steps in Conventional Chemical
Synaptic Transmission
Synaptic Transmission Can Be Rapid and Point-to-point, or Slow and Often Diffuse
Synaptic Strength Can Be Facilitated or
Depressed
Most Neurotransmitters Are Small Amine Molecules,
Amino Acids, or Neuropeptides
Gap Junctions Mediate Direct Current Flow From
One Neuron to Another
Review Questions

9 Sensory Receptors and the Peripheral Nervous
System
Receptors Encode the Nature, Location, Intensity,
and Duration of Stimuli
Somatosensory Receptors Detect Mechanical,
Chemical, or Thermal Changes
Peripheral Nerves Convey Information to and From
the Central Nervous System
Review Questions

10 Spinal Cord
The Spinal Cord Is Segmented
All Levels of the Spinal Cord Have a Similar Cross-sectional Structure
The Spinal Cord Is Involved in Sensory Processing,
Motor Outflow, and Reflexes
Spinal Gray Matter Is Regionally Specialized
Reflex Circuitry Is Built Into the Spinal Cord
Ascending and Descending Pathways Have Defined
Locations in the Spinal White Matter
The Autonomic Nervous System Monitors and
Controls Visceral Activity
A Longitudinal Network of Arteries Supplies the
Spinal Cord
Spinal Cord Damage Causes Predictable Deficits
Review Questions

11 Organization of the Brainstem
The Brainstem Has Conduit, Cranial Nerve, and
Integrative Functions
The Medulla, Pons, and Midbrain Have
Characteristic Gross Anatomical Features
The Internal Structure of the Brainstem Reflects
Surface Features and the Position of Long
Tracts
The Reticular Core of the Brainstem Is Involved in
Multiple Functions
Some Brainstem Nuclei Have Distinctive
Neurochemical Signatures
The Brainstem Is Supplied by the Vertebral-Basilar
System
Review Questions

12 Cranial Nerves and Their Nuclei
Cranial Nerve Nuclei Have a Generally Predictable
Arrangement
Cranial Nerves III, IV, VI, XI, and XII Contain
Somatic Motor Fibers
Branchiomeric Nerves Contain Axons From Multiple
Categories
Review Questions

13 The Chemical Senses of Taste and Smell
The Perception of Flavor Involves Gustatory,
Olfactory, Trigeminal, and Other Inputs
Taste Is Mediated By Receptors in Taste Buds
Innervated by Cranial Nerves VII, IX, and X
Olfaction Is Mediated by Receptors That Project
Directly to the Telencephalon
Review Questions

14 Hearing and Balance: The Eighth Cranial Nerve
Auditory and Vestibular Receptor Cells Are Located
in the Walls of the Membranous Labyrinth
The Cochlear Division of the Eighth Nerve Conveys
Information About Sound
The Vestibular Division of the Eighth Nerve
Conveys Information About Linear and Angular
Acceleration of the Head
Position Sense Is Mediated by the Vestibular,
Proprioceptive, and Visual Systems Acting
Together
Review Questions

15 Atlas of the Human Brainstem
16 The Thalamus and Internal Capsule: Getting to and From
the Cerebral Cortex
The Diencephalon Includes the Epithalamus,
Subthalamus, Hypothalamus, and Thalamus
The Thalamus Is the Gateway to the Cerebral
Cortex
Interconnections Between the Cerebral Cortex
and Subcortical Structures Travel Through the
Internal Capsule
Review Questions

17 The Visual System
The Eye Has Three Concentric Tissue Layers and a
Lens
The Retina Contains Five Major Neuronal Cell
Types
Retinal Neurons Translate Patterns of Light Into
Patterns of Contrast

Todd W. Vanderah, PhD, Regents Professor and Head, Department of Pharmacology, Co-Director of the MD/PhD Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA and Douglas J. Gould, PhD, FAAA, Distinguished Professor and Chair, Department of Foundational Medical Studies, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, Michigan, USA