Crash Course Haematology and Immunology, 6th Edition

Series editor’s foreword v
Preface vi
Acknowledgements vii
Series editor’s acknowledgement viii
Rapid MLA Index ix

1 Principles of haematology 1
Principles 1
Blood 1
Blood cells 1
Haematopoiesis 2
Bone marrow 5
The spleen 6
Lymphadenopathy 8
2 Red blood cells and haemoglobin 11
Erythrocytes 11
Erythropoiesis 11
Haemoglobin 14
Myoglobin 16
Iron and haem metabolism 16
Haemoglobin metabolism 17
Red cell cytoskeleton 18
Red cell metabolism 19
Methaemoglobinaemia 20
Full blood count and reticulocyte count 21
Peripheral blood film 22
3 Red blood cell disorders 25
Anaemia 25
Anaemia secondary to haematinic deficiency 25
Anaemia of chronic disease 30
Anaemia due to blood loss 30
Microcytic anaemia: other causes 31
Haemolytic anaemia 33
Antibody-mediated haemolysis 33
Intrinsic red cell defects causing haemolysis 35
Other causes of haemolysis 36
Haemoglobinopathies 38
Electrophoresis: investigation of
haemoglobinopathies 42
Marrow defects causing anaemia 43
Polycythaemia 44
4 White blood cells 47
Leucocyte structure 47
Leucocyte differentiation 49
Left and right shift 49
White count differential 50
Leucocytosis 50
Leucopoenia 50
5 Haematological malignancies 55
Introduction 55
Myeloproliferative neoplasms 55
Myelodysplastic syndromes 58
Leukaemias 59
Acute leukaemias 59
Chronic leukaemias 61
Malignant lymphomas 64
Age-specific haematological malignancy risk 66
Plasma cell dyscrasias 66
Investigations in haematological malignancy 71
Chemotherapy and targeted treatments 72
6 Haemostasis 75
Introduction 75
Platelets 75
Antiplatelet drugs 77
Platelet disorders 78
The coagulation cascade 81
Traditional pathways 81
Currently accepted pathway 82
Regulation of coagulation 84
Fibrinolysis 84
Overview of haemostasis 85
Coagulation assays 85
Clotting factor disorders 86
Hereditary factor deficiencies 87
Thrombosis 89
Secondary (acquired) thrombophilias 90
Primary (hereditary) thrombophilias 90
Venous thromboembolism 91
Anticoagulation 91
Thromboprophylaxis 94
Therapeutic thrombolysis 94
7 Blood transfusion 97
Introduction 97
Red cell antigens 99
The ABO blood group system 99
Rh blood group system 100
Other red cell antigens 101
Red cell transfusions 101
Alternatives to red cell transfusions 102
Other transfusion products 103
Transfusion reactions 105
Major haemorrhage 108
8 Principles of immunology 111
An introduction to immunology 111
9 The innate immune system 115
Barriers to infection 115
Cells of innate immunity 115
Soluble proteins 119
Innate immune system pattern recognition
molecules 123
10 The adaptive immune system 127
The immunoglobulin domain 127
Generation of antigen receptor diversity 133
Humoral immunity 135
Cell-mediated immunity 140
Tolerance 143
11 The functioning immune system 145
Response to tissue damage 145
Immune response to pathogens 149
12 Immune dysfunction 155
Hypersensitivity 155
Type I hypersensitivity (immediate hypersensitivity) 155
Type II hypersensitivity 158
Type III hypersensitivity (immune complex) 160
Type IV hypersensitivity (delayed-type
hypersensitivity) 163
Immune system disorders (instead of
‘development of hypersensitivity’) 167
Examples of autoimmune diseases 168
Immune deficiency 169
Investigation of a patient with possible
immune deficiency 174
13 Medical intervention 175
Immunization 175
Transplantation 178
Medications used for the prevention of
immune rejection 179
Cancer immunotherapy 181
Self-Assessment 185
MLA High Yield Association Table 187
MLA Single Best Answer (SBA) Questions 201
MLA SBA Answers 219
Short Cases 229
Glossary 237
Index 239

Priya Sriskandarajah, Ioanna Lazana, Maheen Ahsan and Michael Lim