Diagnostic Imaging: Brain, 5th Edition

PART I: PATHOLOGY-BASED DIAGNOSES

SECTION 1: CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS
Approach to Brain Malformations

CHIARI MALFORMATIONS
Chiari 1
Chiari 2
Chiari 3

HINDBRAIN MALFORMATIONS
Dandy-Walker Continuum
Rhombencephalosynapsis
Unclassified Cerebellar Dysplasias
Molar Tooth Malformations (Joubert)
Cerebellar Hypoplasia

DISORDERS OF DIVERTICULATION/CLEAVAGE
Holoprosencephaly
Syntelencephaly (Middle Interhemispheric Variant)
Septo-Optic Dysplasia
Commissural Abnormalities

MALFORMATIONS OF CORTICAL DEVELOPMENT
Congenital Microcephaly
Congenital Muscular Dystrophy
Heterotopic Gray Matter
Polymicrogyria
Focal Cortical Dysplasia
Lissencephaly
Schizencephaly
Hemimegalencephaly

FAMILIAL TUMOR/NEUROCUTANEOUS SYNDROMES
Neurofibromatosis Type 1
Neurofibromatosis Type 2
Hippel-Lindau Syndrome
Tuberous Sclerosis Complex
Sturge-Weber Syndrome
Meningioangiomatosis
Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome
Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia
Neurocutaneous Melanosis
Encephalocraniocutaneous Lipomatosis
Aicardi Syndrome
Li-Fraumeni Syndrome
Schwannomatosis
Turcot Syndrome
Ataxia-Telangiectasia
PHACES Syndrome

SECTION 2: TRAUMA
Introduction to CNS Imaging, Trauma

PRIMARY EFFECTS OF CNS TRAUMA

Scalp and Skull Injuries
Missile and Penetrating Injury
Epidural Hematoma, Classic
Epidural Hematoma, Variant
Acute Subdural Hematoma
Subacute Subdural Hematoma
Chronic Subdural Hematoma
Traumatic Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Cerebral Contusion
Diffuse Axonal Injury
Subcortical Injury
Pneumocephalus
Abusive Head Trauma

SECONDARY EFFECTS OF CNS TRAUMA
Intracranial Herniation Syndromes
Posttraumatic Brain Swelling
Traumatic Cerebral Ischemia/Infarction
Brain Death/Death by Neurologic Criteria (BD/DNC)
Second-Impact Syndrome
Blunt Cerebrovascular Injury
Traumatic Carotid Cavernous Fistula
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy
Leptomeningeal Cyst (Growing Fracture)

SECTION 3: SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE AND ANEURYSMS
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage and Aneurysms Overview

SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE
Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Perimesencephalic Nonaneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Convexal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Superficial Siderosis, Classic
Superficial Siderosis, Cortical

ANEURYSMS
Saccular Aneurysm
Pseudoaneurysm
Vertebrobasilar Dolichoectasia
ASVD Fusiform Aneurysm
Non-ASVD Fusiform Aneurysm
Blood Blister-Like Aneurysm

SECTION 4: STROKE
Stroke Overview

NONTRAUMATIC INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGE
Evolution of Intracranial Hemorrhage
Spontaneous Nontraumatic Intracranial Hemorrhage
Hypertensive Intracranial Hemorrhage
Remote Cerebellar Hemorrhage
Germinal Matrix Hemorrhage
Critical Illness-Associated Microbleeds

ATHEROSCLEROSIS AND CAROTID STENOSIS
Intracranial Atherosclerosis
Extracranial Atherosclerosis
Arteriolosclerosis

NONATHEROMATOUS VASCULOPATHY
Aberrant Internal Carotid Artery
Persistent Carotid Basilar Anastomoses
Sickle Cell Disease
Moyamoya
Primary Arteritis of CNS
Miscellaneous Vasculitis
Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome
Vasospasm
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Cerebral Amyloid Disease
Cerebral Amyloid Disease, Inflammatory
Amyloid Related Imaging Abnormalities (ARIA)
CADASIL
Behçet Disease
Susac Syndrome
Fibromuscular Dysplasia

CEREBRAL ISCHEMIA AND INFARCTION
Hydranencephaly
White Matter Injury of Prematurity
Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury
Adult Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury
Hypotensive Cerebral Infarction
Childhood Stroke
Cerebral Hemiatrophy
Acute Cerebral Ischemia/Infarction
Subacute Cerebral Infarction
Chronic Cerebral Infarction
Multiple Embolic Cerebral Infarctions
Fat Emboli Cerebral Infarction
Cerebral Embolism, Air
Lacunar Infarction
Cerebral Hyperperfusion Syndrome
Dural Sinus Thrombosis
Cortical Venous Thrombosis
Deep Cerebral Venous Thrombosis
Dural Sinus and Aberrant Arachnoid Granulations

SECTION 5: VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS
Vascular Malformations Overview

CVMS WITH AV SHUNTING
Arteriovenous Malformation
Dural AV Fistula
Pial AV Fistula
Vein of Galen Aneurysmal Malformation
Cerebral Proliferative Angiopathy

CVMS WITHOUT AV SHUNTING
Developmental Venous Anomaly
Sinus Pericranii
Cavernous Malformation
Capillary Telangiectasia

SECTION 6: NEOPLASMS
Neoplasms Overview

GLIOMAS, GLIONEURONAL TUMORS, AND NEURONAL TUMORS

Adult-Type Diffuse Gliomas
Astrocytoma, IDH-Mutant
Oligodendroglioma, IDH-Mutant and 1p/19q-Codeleted
Glioblastoma, IDH-Wildtype

Pediatric-Type Diffuse Low-Grade Gliomas
Diffuse Astrocytoma, MYB- or MYBL1-Altered
Angiocentric Glioma
Polymorphous Low-Grade Neuroepithelial Tumor of Young
Diffuse Low-Grade Glioma, MAPK Pathway-Altered

Pediatric-Type Diffuse High-Grade Gliomas
Diffuse Midline Glioma, H3 K27-Altered
Diffuse Hemispheric Glioma, H3 G34-Mutant
Diffuse Pediatric-Type High-Grade Glioma, H3-Wildtype and IDH-Wildtype
Infant-Type Hemispheric Glioma

Circumscribed Astrocytic Gliomas
Pilocytic Astrocytoma
High-Grade Astrocytoma With Piloid Features
Pleomorphic Xanthoastrocytoma
Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma
Astroblastoma, MN1-Altered

Glioneuronal and Neuronal Tumors
Ganglioglioma
Gangliocytoma
Desmoplastic Infantile Ganglioglioma/Desmoplastic Infantile Astrocytoma
DNET
Diffuse Glioneuronal Tumor With Oligodendroglioma-Like Features and Nuclear Clusters
Papillary Glioneuronal Tumor
Rosette-Forming Glioneuronal Tumor
Myxoid Glioneuronal Tumor
Diffuse Leptomeningeal Glioneuronal Tumor
Multinodular and Vacuolating Neuronal Tumor
Dysplastic Cerebellar Ganglioglioma (Lhermitte-Duclos Disease)
Central Neurocytoma
Extraventricular Neurocytoma
Cerebellar Liponeurocytoma
Malignant Glioneuronal Tumor

Ependymal Tumors
Supratentorial Ependymoma
Infratentorial Ependymoma
Subependymoma

Karen L. Salzman, MD, FACR, Professor of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Neuroradiology Section Chief, Leslie W. Davis Endowed Chair in Neuroradiology, Vice Chair of Education, Spencer Fox Eccles School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah and Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA, Colonel Robert R. McCormick Professor of Diagnostic Imaging, Division Head, Neuroradiology Chair, Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois