Mayes' Midwifery - Elsevier eBook on VitalSource, 15th Edition

1. Introduction

History of the First Edition

History of the Second Edition

Objectives of the Second Edition

Format of the Book

Acknowledgments for the First Edition

Acknowledgments for the Second Edition

Abbreviations

A Brief History of Paleopathology

Research in Paleopathology at the Smithsonian Institution

2. The Biology of Skeletal Tissues

Cellular Biology of Bone and Cartilage

Bone Cells

Cartilage Cells

Types of Cartilage

Growth and Development of Bone

Modeling of Skeletal Tissue

Types of Bone Tissue

Remodeling of Skeletal Tissue

Microscopic Bone Remodeling

Activation

Resorption

Reversal

Formation

Quiescence

Osteon Remodeling

Bone Biochemistry and Mineral Homeostasis

Growth and Development of the Spine

Growth and Development of Teeth

Vascular Conditions That Affect Bone Formation and Destruction

3. Background Data in Paleopathology

Data Basic to Paleopathological Analysis

Age Determination

Ethnic Determination

Sex Determination

Stature Determination

Demographic Analysis

Archeological Excavation and Documentation

4. Methods Used in the Analysis of Skeletal Lesions

Gross Study of Skeletal Lesions

Distribution of Lesions within the Skeleton

Types of Bone Abnormalities

Types of Abnormalities Associated with Joints

Radiological Study of Skeletal Lesions

Microscopic Study of Skeletal Lesions

5. Recent Advances in Bone, Dentin, and Enamel Biochemistry

Introduction

Mineralized Tissue Cell Biology

The Mineral of Bone, Dentin, and Enamel

Paleopathological Considerations

The Collagens of Bones and Teeth

Paleopathological Considerations

The Noncollagenous Proteins of Bones and Teeth

Paleopathological Considerations

Growth, Turnover, and Aging

Conclusions

6. Light Microscopic Analysis in Skeletal Paleopathology

The Need for Microscopic Analysis

Materials and Methods

Postmortem Changes

General Comments on Proliferative Reactions

Periosteal Reactions on Long Bones

Polsters

Grenzstreifen

Meningeal Reactions

Fracture of Skull Vault and Concomitant Phenomena

Primary Inflammatory Processes of the Pericranium and Skull Vault

Porotic Hyperostosis

Pseudopathology

Conclusions and Summary

7. Theoretical Issues in Paleopathology

Evolutionary Dynamics in The Human

Response to Disease

Scientific Nature of Paleopathology

Diagnostic Issues in Paleopathology

Inferences about the Health Status of a Population Based on Evidence of Skeletal Disease

Limitations of Skeletal Evidence of Disease

Female Immune Reactivity and Maternal Mortality

Gender As a Factor in Malnutrition and Morbidity

Hypothetical Models of Male and Female Immune Reactivity

Male/Female Ratios in Infectious Disease

Implications for Interpreting Evidence of Disease in Archeological Human Skeletons

Implications for Research in Paleopathology

Conclusions

8. Trauma

Introduction

Fracture

Pathology

Paleopathology

Dislocation

Pathology

Paleopathology

Deformation

Pathology

Paleopathology

Scalping

Pathology

Paleopathology

Mutilation

Trephination

History

Paleopathology

Traumatic Problems Arising from Pregnancy

Pathology

Paleopathology

Sincipital-T Mutilation

Summary and Conclusions

9. Infectious Diseases: Introduction, Biology, Osteomyelitis, Periostitis, Brucellosis, Glanders, and Septic Arthritis

Introduction

Humoral Versus Cellular Responses to Infectious Agents

Vascular Changes in Response to Infectious Agents

The Biology of Infection

Osteomyelitis

Pathology

Hematogenous Osteomyelitis

Changes in Individual Bones

Paleopathology

The Skull

Postcranial Osteomyelitis

Periostitis

Pathology

Paleopathology

Brucellosis

Introduction

Pathology

Paleopathology

Glanders

Pathology

Septic Arthritis

Pathology

Paleopathology

10. Infectious Diseases: Tuberculosis and Leprosy

Tuberculosis

Pathology

Paleopathology

Leprosy

Pathology

Paleopathology

11. Infectious Diseases: Treponematosis and Other Bacterial Infectious Diseases

Treponematosis

Pathology

Paleopathology

Leishmaniasis

Pathology

Actinomycosis and Nocardiosis

Pathology

Mycetoma (Maduromycosis)

Pathology

12. Infectious Diseases: Mycotic, Viral, and Multicelled Parasitic Diseases of the Human Skeleton

Introduction

Mycosis

Pathology

Paleopathology

Viral Infections

Introduction

Smallpox (Variola)

Rubella

Multicelled Parasitic Infections Echinococcosis

Sue Macdonald, MSc PGCEA ADM RM RN FETC FRCM (Hon), Midwife Consultant and Educationalist; Formerly Education and Research Manager and Lead Midwife for Education, Royal College of Midwives, London, UK and Gail Johnson, MA, DPSM, PGDip Adult Education, RM, RN, Professional Advisor Education, Royal College of Midwives, London, UK